.pdf file format
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Format
PDF
.pdf
Original files stay unchanged. Tools download a new file when output is generated.
PDF is a fixed-layout container
A PDF describes where every glyph and shape sits on a page. That is what makes it print identically everywhere, and also what makes it awkward to edit: there are no paragraphs to reflow, only positioned content. Page-level work — merging, splitting, reordering, rotating — is straightforward. Rewriting the text inside a page is a different and much harder job.
Why text extraction sometimes returns nothing
A PDF produced by exporting a document contains a real text layer, and extraction works. A PDF produced by scanning contains a photograph of a page and no text at all, so extraction correctly returns nothing. If a PDF looks like text but behaves like an image, it needs OCR before any text tool can help.
A black box is not redaction
Drawing a filled rectangle over a passage adds a shape on top of the page. The characters underneath stay in the content stream and can be selected, copied, or extracted in seconds. If something must be unrecoverable, remove it in the source document and export a new PDF — then extract the text of the result to confirm it is gone.
Two places metadata hides
PDFs carry an Info dictionary (Title, Author, Creator, Producer, timestamps) and often an XMP metadata stream that duplicates the same fields in XML. Clearing one can leave the other, so the author name reappears depending on which a reader prefers. Annotations and filled form fields are stored separately again.